Research activities in Autonomous Underwater Robotics have been so far mainly focused on vehicles performing exploration and observation missions, with important applications in the fields of oceanographic sciences, environmental monitoring and security.
Autonomous Underwater Intervention, involving grasping, manipulation and transportation tasks, did not yet registered the same rate of growth and has been experimented just within some pioneering research projects.
It is however deemed that the interest of the international community on autonomous intervention systems is currently registering a significant growth. The recent dramatic accident of the Gulf of Mexico has just contributed to evidence the importance of working on the realization of smart underwater robots executing intervention tasks in a totally autonomous way.
Performing underwater operations like maintenance, repairing, rescue and items recovery, without the human supervision is certainly not an easy task. However today the field of Underwater Intervention could benefit from several technologies developed for exploration and monitoring missions. Results registered in fundamental topics like underwater localization, acoustic communications, optical and acoustic imagery, guidance navigation and control, mission planning and mapping seem to be ready for being efficiently integrated with the achievements in the field of manipulation tasks, and more generally intervention activities.
Moving from the above considerations, the workshop has three objectives: i) evidencing and possibly classifying the current and future needs of underwater intervention applications; ii) evaluating the existing enabling technologies, their current status of development, and their potential improvements for being tailored to the specific application field; iii) having a better look at the market opportunities that autonomous underwater intervention could open in a mid-term time horizon.
As a final goal, the workshop aims to strengthen and extend the underwater community, by stimulating also the interest of others researchers, not working in the field, toward an area that certainly provides significant research challenges.
Full day workshop structured as follows:
| Time | Name | Institution | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| Session 1 | |||
| 09:00 | Giuseppe Casalino | University of Genova | Welcome and Introduction |
| 09:15 | Giuseppe Casalino | University of Genova | "The Pioneering AMADEUS Project" |
| 09:45 | Giacomo Marani | WVU-NASA Robotic Center | "Workspace optimization in autonomous underwater intervention: experimental results with SAUVIM" |
| 10:15 | Pere Ridao | University of Girona | "The RAUVI Project: A reconfigurable Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Intervention" |
| 10:45 | Coffee Break | ||
| 11:00 | David Lane | Heriot Watt University | "From Research to Revenues – the Evolution of AUVs for Subsea Inspection Repair and Maintenance" |
| 11:30 | Pedro J. Sanz | University of Jaume-I | "The ongoing TRIDENT Project" |
| 12:00 | Lunch Break | ||
| Session 2 | |||
| 13:00 | Alain Maguer | NATO Undersea Research Centre | "USV and UUV integration for mine disposal" |
| 13:30 | Pierre Drap | Université de la Méditerranée | "Underwater photogrammetry for artefact measuring and seabed representation" |
| 14:00 | Giuseppe Conte | Universita delle Marche | "Integrated robotic system for underwater activities" |
| 14:30 | Coffee Break | ||
| Session 3 | |||
| 14:45 | Hyun-Taek Choi | Korean Ocean R&D Institute | "Visual and acoustic recognitions for intelligent underwater robot" |
| 15:15 | Andreas Birk | Jacobs University | "On the suitability of Surface-based 3D Maps for Underwater Interventions" |
| 15:45 | Yvan Petillot | Heriot Watt University | "Service-Oriented Agents for Intelligent Control Architecture of Autonomous Marine Vehicles" |
| 16:15 | Coffee Break | ||
| 16:30 | Gaurav S. Sukhatme | University of South California | "Monitoring and Intervention with Underwater Robots: Algorithms and Experiments" |
| 17:00 | Alessio Turetta | Graal Tech s.r.l. | "Modular Underwater Manipulators" |
| 17:30 | All presenters and audience | Final panel | |
| "The Pioneering AMADEUS Project" | |
![]() | Contacts: Giuseppe Casalino Biography: Prof. Giuseppe Casalino received the five-years degree “Laurea” in Electronic Engineering from the University of Genova in 1975. Currently he is full professor at the Department of Communication, Computer and System Science (DIST) of the University of Genova, holding the chair "Industrial Robotics" and also teaching the course of "Automatic Control"; other than being the deputy director of the local Laboratory of Robotics and Automation. Currently he is also the Director of the Inter-university Center for Marine Environment (ISME), with legal entity at University of Genova, of which DIST is one of its members and a specific operation unit. Previous positions covered by Prof Casalino were at University of Pisa (full. Prof., chair of "Industrial Robotics"), University of Calabria (full. Prof., chair of "Automatic Control") and originally at University of Genova (associate Prof. on "Multivariable Control Theory" and "Industrial Robotics"). In the past recent years he has also been the director of DIST and the deputy director at the University of Genova for all the technology transfer activities. Moreover in the past he also served, at Italian national level, as President of the Italian Academic Association of Automation. Abstract: AMADEUS (Autonomous Manipulation for Deep Underwater Sampling) was one of the pioneering projects in the autonomous underwater manipulation framework, conceived in the early nineties and was aimed to conclude its activities during 2000. In fact, starting from 96 with its first phase lasting three years, it had also had a second phase that, partially superimposed with the first, made the project just ending with the old century. |
| "Workspace optimization in autonomous underwater intervention: experimental results with SAUVIM" | |
![]() | Contacts: Giacomo Marani, PhD Biography: Giacomo Marani was born in Italy. He received the "Laurea" degree in Electronic Engineering and the PhD degree in Robotics and Automation from the University of Pisa, Italy, in 1997 and 2000 respectively. In the past decade he has been with the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where he served as acting Principal Investigator and project coordinator of the SAUVIM project (Development of a Semi-Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Intervention Missions), heading the technical coordination of the SAUVIM project partners. Abstract: Many underwater intervention tasks are today performed using manned submersibles or Remotely Operated Vehicles in tele-operation mode. Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are mostly employed in survey applications. In fact, the low bandwidth and significant time delay inherent in acoustic subsea communications represent a considerable obstacle to remotely operate a manipulation system, making it impossible for remote controllers to react to problems in a timely manner. As a result, only few AUVs are equipped with manipulators for underwater intervention. |
| "The RAUVI Project: A reconfigurable Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Intervention" | |
![]() | Contacts: Prof Pere Ridao Biography: Pere Ridao was born in Spain in 1969. He received the Ms.C. degree in computer science in 1993 from the Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain, and the Ph.D. degree in computer engineering in 2001 from the University of Girona, Spain. His research activity is mainly focused on underwater robotics in research topics such as intelligent control architectures, UUV modelling and identification, simulation, Navigation, Mission Control and real-time systems. He joined the Institute of Informatics and Applications, University of Girona, in September 1995. Currently, he is an associate professor with the Department of Computer Engineering of the University of Girona and the head of the Research Center in Underwater Robotics (CIRS) located in the Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona. He is involved in national and European projects about underwater robotics and some technology transference projects about real-time and embedded systems. Dr. Ridao is member of the IFAC's Technical Committee on Marine Systems, member of the editorial board of Springer's Intelligent Service Robotics journal, secretary of the Spanish OES chapter and also a board member of the Spanish RAS chapter. He is also the leader of the AUTOMAR spanish national network of automation for marine systems. Abstract: The main goal of the "Reconfigurable Autonomous underwater Vehicle for Intervention" (RAUVI) project is to develop and improve the necessary technologies for autonomously performing an intervention mission in underwater environments. The approach can be summarized in two different steps: (1) survey and (2) intervention. Firstly, the I-AUV explores the region of interest, taking visual data, synchronized with robot navigation. Then, the robot surfaces, and the information is downloaded to the base station, where a computer reconstruction of the explored region is built. By means of a specific human-robot interface to be developed, an operator identifies the object of interest and describes the task to perform. Next, the I-AUV robot navigates again to the region of interest, identifies the target object and performs the intervention task.Therefore, the RAUVI project aims to design and develop an Underwater Autonomous Robot, able to perceive the environment by means of acoustic and optic sensors, and equipped with a robotic arm in order to autonomously perform simple intervention tasks. |
| "From Research to Revenues – the Evolution of AUVs for Subsea Inspection Repair and Maintenance" | |
![]() | Contacts: Professor David M LANE BSc PhD FRSE FRGS FSUT Biography: David Lane graduated in 1980 with a BSc in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, and again in 1986 with a PhD in Underwater Robotics. In 1979 he worked offshore in the North Sea as diver/maintainer for British Oceanics Ltd, and from 1980-82 as a Development Engineer at Ferranti Ltd. From 1982 he held a series of research and academic appointments, culminating in a Professorial Chair at Heriot-Watt University in 1998, and visiting Professorships at Florida Atlantic University in 1999 and Edinburgh University from 2006. Abstract: Research on autonomous underwater vehicles for subsea IRM (inspection, repair and maintenance) has been the subject of multiple EU and related projects for nearly two decades. |
| "The ongoing TRIDENT Project" | |
![]() | Contacts: Professor Pedro J. Sanz Biography: Pedro J. Sanz is Associate Professor in the Computer Science and Engineering Department at Jaume I University (Spain), and head of the Interactive and Robotic Systems Lab. He holds a B.Sc. in Physics by the University of Valencia, M.Sc. in Engineering from the Technical University of Valencia and a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering by the Jaume I University. Abstract: TRIDENT proposes a new methodology for multipurpose underwater intervention tasks with diverse potential applications like underwater archaeology, oceanography and offshore industries, and goes beyond present-day methods typically based on manned and / or purpose-built systems. Trident is based on new forms of cooperation between an Autonomous Surface Craft and an Intervention Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. |
| "USV and UUV integration for mine disposal" | |
![]() | Contacts: Dr Alain Maguer Biography: Alain Maguer received the PhD degree in Acoustics and Signal Processing from the University of Lyon, France in 1986. Between 1986 and 1991 he worked for Thomson Marconi sonars at Sophia-Antipolis, France. In 1991, he joigned SACLANTCEN, the NATO Undersea Research Centre in La Spezia, Italay where he worked on transient detection and classification, and on buried mine detection and classification. In 1999, he went to Thales Underwater Systems in Sydney, Australia to lead the General Sonar Studies Group. In August 2002, he came back to France to join the Technical directorate of Thales Underwater systems in Sophia-Antipolis. From 2003, he was the Airborne Sonar Technical manager at Thales Underwater systems in Brest. In July 2007, he joined the NATO Research Undersea Research Centre in La Spezia where he is currently having the position of Engineering Technology Division Head. His research interests are sonar, autonomous vehicles, gliders and towed arrays Abstract: The mine disposal programme of work at NURC is developing and testing a new system based on the synergies between an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) and a simple unmanned underwater kamikaze vehicle (UUV) equipped with a sonar-aided navigation system. |
| "Underwater photogrammetry for artefact measuring and seabed representation" | |
Contacts: Biography: Abstract: | |
| "Integrated robotic system for underwater activities" | |
![]() | Contacts: Giuseppe Conte Biography: After receiving the Doctoral Degree (Laurea) in Mathematics in 1974 from the University of Genoa, Italy, Giuseppe Conte was Lecturer, from 1974 to 1985, and Associated Professor, from 1985 to 1990, at the University of Genoa and he is currently Full Professor of System Theory, from 1990, at the Polytechnic University of Marche (formerly University of Ancona), Italy. He has been Fulbright Scholar in 1980 and 1987, NATO Senior Fellow in 1987, Visiting Professor at the Ohio State University of Columbus, Ohio, in 1987 and at the Ecole Centrale de Nantes, Nantes, France, in 1988. He has been Associated Editor of SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization from 1990 to 1995 and he is currently Associated Editor of IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information. He is currently Chairman of the Italian Chapter of IEEE - Control Systems Society and Chairman of the IFAC Technical Committee on Linear System TC 2.2. His research interests concern algebraic and geometric methods in linear and nonlinear system and control theory, industrial robotics and underwater robotics. Abstract: The talk describes the structure and the characteristics of an integrated system for underwater intervention that consists of two ROV’s of different dimensions. The larger ROV (a DOE small work-class Phantom 4) is employed to carry the smaller one (a VideoRay Pro4 mini ROV) in the intervention area, so to facilitate its usage as a mobile appendix, in case proximity of large vehicles may disturb, modify or damage important features of the site. The mini ROV is tethered to the large one, which, in turns, is tethered to a surface supply vessel. This configuration allows the mini ROV to work at considerable distance from the supply vessel, without the burden of a long umbilical, with the large ROV acting as a mother ship for the mini ROV. An important feature of the integrated system is that the presence of the large ROV offers the possibility to monitor from a close position, either by optical devices or by acoustic ones, the activity of the smaller one, providing the operator with an external view of the on-going situation. The control architecture of the integrated system consists of functional modules that manage at low level the USBL/DGPS system, the large ROV, the mini ROV and the operator interface under the supervision and coordination of a higher level Supervisory Control System. Position information acquired by a USBL acoustic system is used by the Supervisory Control System to keep the large ROV within a desired distance from the mini ROV, while this latter is remotely guided by an operator onboard the supply vessel. Testing and validation of the integrated system are currently carried on and its use in the exploration and intervention missions on fragile underwater sites of archaeological or biological interest, at various depths, is planned for the next future. |
| "Visual and acoustic recognitions for intelligent underwater robot" | |
![]() | Contacts: Hyun-Taek Choi, Ph.D. Biography: Dr. Hyun-Taek Choi received the B.S, M.S., and Ph.D. in Electronic Engineering from Hanyang University of Seoul, Korea. in 1991, 1993, and 2000, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was a Researcher in the Multimedia Laboratory of Korea Telecommunication. From 2000 to 2003, he was a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the Autonomous Systems Laboratory at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He is currently a principal researcher in the Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute. His current research interests are intelligent underwater robot with robust and optimal control, embedded system, navigation system, sensor fusion and most importantly artificial intelligence. Abstract: This talk is about methods of vision and acoustic information based object recognition in the underwater environment. The importance of finding a robust solution to detection or tracking interesting objects cannot be overstated because being able to identify target objects is paramount in guaranteeing the success of autonomous missions, such as navigation, searching missions, surveillance, etc. Unfortunately, the underwater environment open deals with many difficult conditions so that it might be naive to expect the underwater robots to show the same performance when they are equipped with the well known technologies that are used in other aerial or land robots. As the beginning phase of this research, we started with a few reasonable assumptions: 1) The experimental environment for our robot is fully structured and 2)The robot will detect or track only artificial landmark. However, we are planning to release these constraints as we make progress in our research in the future.
In the talk, we will present the vision based recognition method as well as the results that we have achieved so far. These experiments include several comparative studies. For example, in the result section, we have found that the state of the art feature point based recognition method is significantly degraded in the turbid underwater condition.
Besides, we will discuss the results of our underwater acoustic signal analysis methods. Employing this algorithm, we could identify the sound source and precisely locate the bearing angle of the signal source with respect to the receiver’s coordinate frame. |
| "On the suitability of Surface-based 3D Maps for Underwater Interventions" | |
![]() | Contacts: Prof. Andreas Birk Biography: Andreas Birk is a professor (associate) in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Jacobs University Bremen where he leads the robotics group. He started at Jacobs University in Fall 2001 while rejecting an offer for a professorship (C3) at the University of Rostock. Before he joined Jacobs University, he held a research-mandate of the Flemish Society for Applied Research, IWT. He was in addition from October 1997 on a visiting professor (docent) at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). He also worked as a visiting professor (C3) at the Universität Koblenz-Landau in the winter-semester of 1999/2000. During the almost six years at the VUB, Andreas Birk was a member of the Artificial Intelligence Lab, which he joined as Postdoc in April 1996. In 1995 he received his doctorate from the Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, where he previously studied Computer Science from fall 1989 to spring 1993. Abstract: Intervention links perception with physical interactions, which both are two non-trivial challenges in the underwater domain. This presentation focuses on the first part, i.e., perception for intervention, especially the benefits of full 3D models of the objects/scenario to be interacted with. As stereo cameras and "3D" sonars only deliver 2.5D data in form of range images in one sensor snapshot or scan, proper 3D perception requires the integration of multiple scans, i.e., good navigation and/or the 6-DoF registration of the sensor data. It is thus related to 3D mapping. Research on 3D mapping with large surface patches is presented here including work with a Tritech Ecplise sonar. The underlying methods include the fast and robust fitting of large planar patches into noisy 2.5D sensor data, an efficient 6 DoF registration method for plane sets fitted into two scans, and first results on extending this work to curved surfaces in form of quadrics. This work is of particular interest to intervention for several reasons. First, the large surface patches lead to a compact representation. Second, the surface gradients determined by the surface fitting and the geometric boundary outlines are highly beneficial for grasp planning and manipulation. Third, the surface fitting includes the determination of proper uncertainty estimates that are especially valuable under the challenging sensing conditions of underwater applications. |
| "Service-Oriented Agents for Intelligent Control Architecture of Autonomous Marine Vehicles" | |
![]() | Contacts: Prof Yvan Petillot Biography: Prof. Yvan R. Petillot, FIET, was born in Saint-Etienne, France in 1969. He received is French Engineering Degree from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne in 1991, his MSc By research (French DEA) and PhD from the Université de Bretagne Occidentale in 1992 and 1996 respectively, working on optical object recognition using Ferro-electric liquid crystal devices. After graduating, he was briefly employed as a software engineer by Alcatel Business Systems in Brest before moving Heriot-Watt University to work as a Research Associate in the Oceans Systems Laboratory in 1998. Since moving to Heriot-Watt University, his research interests have included signal and image processing, computer vision and their applications to subsea robotics. He has particular interests in the sonar design simulation and analysis of sonar imagery. He is also involved in the design and development of autonomous underwater vehicles and has a keen interest in autonomy. He was visiting scientist at the NATO Undersea Research Centre in 2005 and is a non- executive of SeeByte Ltd, a company he co-founded in 2001 to commercialise subsea smart technologies whucb has now grown to over 40 employees. Prof. Petillot has lead numerous EPSRC and EU funded research programs and is the author of over 100 publications in international journals and conferences. Abstract: In this talk we will review recent work on collaborative and goal based planning. Traditional autonomous robots have pre-planned missions and require specialist and intimate knowledge of the system to interact with it. The focus of the work presented here is two-fold: firstly, abstract the complexity of the system to enable non specialist to interact with it, focusing on the what rather than the how, secondly design an architecture which enables online planning and diagnostics. Recently, there has been a push towards service oriented approaches in robotics to enable high level planners to interact with a large number of platforms for a large number of missions without requiring the intimate knowledge of the system's design and engineering details. We present a new service oriented architecture based on existing standards which we hope will facilitate its adoption. Our middleware is the Robotic Operating System from willow garage on which we have developed and extra service layer. This layer enables service discovery and composition to select, combine and monitor tasks. Our services are based on the Joint Architecture for Unmanned Systems (JAUS) service set. Examples for the underwater domain will be given and demonstrated. |
| "Monitoring and Intervention with Underwater Robots: Algorithms and Experiments" | |
![]() | Contacts: Gaurav S. Sukhatme Biography: Gaurav S. Sukhatme is a Professor of Computer Science (joint appointment in Electrical Engineering) at the University of Southern California (USC). He received his undergraduate education at IIT Bombay in Computer Science and Engineering, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Computer Science from USC. He is the co-director of the USC Robotics Research Laboratory and the director of the USC Robotic Embedded Systems Laboratory which he founded in 2000. His research interests are in estimation and planning problems associated with networked robots and body area networks. He is a fellow of the IEEE and a recipient of the NSF CAREER award and the Okawa foundation research award. He is one of the founders of the Robotics Science and Systems conference. He was program chair of the 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation and is program chair of the 2011 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Robots and Systems. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Autonomous Robots and has served as Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, the IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, and on the editorial board of IEEE Pervasive Computing. Abstract: Over the past decade, the USC Robotic Embedded Systems Laboratory and the USC Center for Integrated Networked Aquatic Platforms have worked on several problems in multi-robot planning for underwater robot teams. This talk will give an overview of our findings in this area with an emphasis on intervention. We will describe recent algorithmic results as well lessons learned from field studies. the talk will conclude with a discussion of open problems in the area. |
| "Modular Underwater Manipulators" | |
![]() | Contacts: Ph.D. Alessio Turetta Biography: Alessio Turetta graduated in 2000 in Software Engineering from University of Genova, and received its Ph.D. in Robotics in 2005 from the same University. Abstract: The talk will present details of the innovative Modular Underwater Manipulator developed by Graal Tech. The robot has been conceived within the EU-funded TRIDENT project and it is currently at an advanced stage of development. As the name suggests, it has been designed by adopting a modular approach: two kinds of electrically-driven joints are available (respectively with one and two motion axis) together with a set of links for connecting the joints. By varying the number of basic modules (joints and links) or the way they are interconnected, several different kinematic configurations can be obtained. The resulting benefit is a high level of re-configurability: depending on the specific mission’s needs, the user is in the conditions of selecting and obtaining the better manipulator in terms of both mechanical characteristics (sizes and weight) and functional specifications (number of axis and their relative positioning). |
















